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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot input tab sheet</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Proprietary <a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterlog.info/sahysmod.htm">SahysMod</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>SahysMod</b> is a computer program for the prediction of the <a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinity</a> of soil moisture, <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and drainage water, the depth of the <a href="Watertable" class="mw-redirect" title="Watertable">watertable</a>, and the <a href="Tile_drainage" title="Tile drainage">drain</a> discharge in <a href="Surface_irrigation" title="Surface irrigation">irrigated</a> agricultural lands, using different <a href="Geohydrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Geohydrology">hydrogeologic</a> and <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several crop rotation schedules, whereby the spatial variations are accounted for through a network of polygons.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2></div>

<p>There is a need for a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that is easier to operate and that requires a simpler <a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structure</a> then most currently available models. Therefore, the SahysMod program was designed keeping in mind a relative simplicity of operation to facilitate the use by field technicians, engineers and project planners instead of specialized <a href="Geohydrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Geohydrology">geo-hydrologists</a>.<br>

It aims at using input data that are generally available, or that can be estimated with reasonable accuracy, or that can be measured with relative ease. Although the calculations are done numerically and have to be repeated many times, the final results can be <i>checked by hand</i> using the formulas in this manual.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SahysMod's <a href="Goal" title="Goal">objective</a> is to predict the long-term hydro-<a href="Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in terms of general <a href="Trend_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trend estimation">trends</a>, not to arrive at exact predictions of how, for example, the situation would be on the first of April in ten years from now.<br>

Further, SahysMod gives the option of the re-use of drainage and <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">well</a> water (e.g. for <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>) and it can account for <a href="Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>' responses to <a href="Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">waterlogging</a>, <a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a>, <a href="Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> and over-pumping from the <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. Also it offers the possibility to introduce <a href="Subsurface_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface drainage">subsurface drainage</a> systems at varying depths and with varying capacities so that they can be <a href="Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">optimized</a>.

Other features of SahysMod are found in the next section.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculation_of_aquifer_conditions_in_polygons">Calculation of aquifer conditions in polygons</h3></div>

<p>The model calculates the ground water levels and the incoming and outgoing ground water flows between the <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a> by a numerical solution of the well-known <a href="Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq equation</a>. The levels and flows influence each other mutually.

The ground water situation is further determined by the vertical <a href="Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> that is calculated from the agronomic <a href="Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">water balance</a>. These depend again on the levels of the <a href="Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>.

</p><p>When semi-confined <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> are present, the resistance to vertical flow in the slowly permeable top-layer and the overpressure in the aquifer, if any, are taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hydraulic <a href="Boundary_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary conditions">boundary conditions</a> are given as <a href="Hydraulic_head" title="Hydraulic head">hydraulic heads</a> in the external nodes in combination with the <a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">hydraulic conductivity</a> between internal and external nodes. If one wishes to impose a zero <a href="Flow_conditioning" title="Flow conditioning">flow condition</a> at the external nodes, the conductivity can be set at zero.

</p><p>Further, <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> flow conditions can be given for the internal nodes. These are required when a <a href="Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">geological fault</a> is present at the bottom of the aquifer or when flow occurs between the main aquifer and a deeper aquifer separated by a semi-confining layer.

</p><p>The depth of the <a href="Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, the <a href="Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> and salt concentrations of the deeper layers are assumed to be the same over the whole polygon. Other parameters can very within the polygons according to type of crops and cropping rotation schedule.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_approach">Seasonal approach</h3></div>

<p>The model is based on seasonal input data and returns seasonal outputs. The number of seasons per year can be chosen between a minimum of one and a maximum of four. One can distinguish for example dry, wet, cold, hot, irrigation or <a href="Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> seasons. Reasons of not using smaller input/output periods are:

</p>

<ol><li>short-term (e.g., daily) inputs would require much information, which, in large areas, may not be readily available;</li>

<li>short-term outputs would lead to immense output files, which would be difficult to manage and interpret;</li>

<li>this model is especially developed to predict long-term trends, and predictions for the future are more reliably made on a seasonal (long-term) than on a daily (short-term) basis, due to the high variability of short-term data;</li>

<li>though the precision of the predictions for the future may be limited, a lot is gained when the trend is sufficiently clear. For example, it need not be a major constraint to the design of appropriate <a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">soil salinity control</a> measures when a certain salinity level, predicted by SahysMod to occur after 20 years, will in reality occur after 15 or 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_time_steps">Computational time steps</h3></div>

<p>Many <a href="Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a> factors depend on the level of the <a href="Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, which again depends on some of the water-balance factors. Due to these mutual influences there can be non-linear changes throughout the season. Therefore, the <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> performs daily calculations. For this purpose, the seasonal water-balance factors given with the inpu] are reduced automatically to daily values. The calculated seasonal water-balance factors, as given in the output, are obtained by summations of the daily calculated values. <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> levels and <a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> (the <a href="State_variable" title="State variable">state variables</a>) at the end of the season are found by accumulating the daily changes of water and salt storage.

</p><p>In some cases the program may detect that the time step must be taken less than 1 day for better accuracy. The necessary adjustments are made automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_requirements">Data requirements</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygonal_network">Polygonal network</h3></div>

<p>The model permits a maximum of 240 internal and 120 external <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a> with a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 6 sides each. The subdivision of the area into polygons, based on nodal points with known <a href="Coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinates">coordinates</a>, should be governed by the characteristics of the distribution of the <a href="Crop" title="Crop">cropping</a>, <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="Drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage">drainage</a> and <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> characteristics over the study area.

</p><p>The nodes must be numbered, which can be done at will. With an index one indicates whether the node is internal or external. Nodes can be added and removed at will or changed from internal to external or vice versa. Through another index one indicates whether the internal nodes have an unconfined or semi-confined aquifer. This can also be changed at will.

</p><p>Nodal network relations are to be given indicating the neighboring polygon numbers of each node. The program then calculates the surface area of each polygon, the distance between the nodes and the length of the sides between them using the Thiessen principle.

</p><p>The <a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">hydraulic conductivity</a> can vary for each side of the polygons.

</p><p>The depth of the <a href="Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, the <a href="Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> and <a href="Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> concentrations of the deeper layers are assumed to be the same over the whole polygon. Other <a href="Parameters" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameters">parameters</a> can very within the polygons according to type of crops and cropping rotation schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrological_data">Hydrological data</h3></div>

<p>The method uses seasonal water balance components as input data. These are related to the surface <a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> (like rainfall, <a href="Potential_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential evaporation">potential evaporation</a>, <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, use of drain and well water for irrigation, <a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>), and the aquifer hydrology (e.g., pumping from <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>). The other <a href="Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a> components (like actual evaporation, downward <a href="Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a>, upward <a href="Capillary_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary rise">capillary rise</a>, <a href="Subsurface_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface drainage">subsurface drainage</a>, <a href="Groundwater_flow" title="Groundwater flow">groundwater flow</a>) are given as output.

</p><p>The quantity of drainage water, as output, is determined by two drainage intensity factors for drainage above and below drain level respectively (to be given with the input data) and the height of the water table above the given drain level. This height results from the computed water balance Further, a drainage reduction factor can be applied to simulate a limited operation of the drainage system. Variation of the drainage intensity factors and the drainage reduction factor gives the opportunity to simulate the effect of different drainage options.

</p><p>To obtain accuracy in the computations of the ground water flow (sect. 2.8), the actual evaporation and the capillary rise, the computer calculations are done on a daily basis. For this purpose, the seasonal hydrological data are divided by the number of days per season to obtain daily values. The daily values are added to yield seasonal values.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cropping_patterns/rotations">Cropping patterns/rotations</h3></div>

<p>The input data on irrigation, evaporation, and surface runoff are to be specified per season for three kinds of agricultural practices, which can be chosen at the discretion of the user:

</p>

<dl><dd>A: irrigated land with crops of group A</dd>

<dd>B: irrigated land with crops of group B</dd>

<dd>U: non-irrigated land with rain-fed crops or fallow land</dd></dl>

<p>The groups, expressed in fractions of the total area, may consist of combinations of <a href="Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> or just of a single kind of crop. For example, as the A-type crops one may specify the lightly irrigated cultures, and as the B type the more heavily irrigated ones, such as <a href="Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and <a href="Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. But one can also take A as rice and B as sugar cane, or perhaps <a href="Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> and <a href="Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a>. A, B and/or U crops can be taken differently in different seasons, e.g. A=<a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> plus <a href="Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> in winter and A=<a href="Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> in summer while B=<a href="Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> in winter and B=<a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> in summer. Non-irrigated land can be specified in two ways: (1) as U = 1−A−B and (2) as A and/or B with zero irrigation. A combination can also be made.

</p><p>Further, a specification must be given of the seasonal <a href="Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">rotation</a> of the different <a href="Land_use" title="Land use">land uses</a> over the total area, e.g. full rotation, no rotation at all, or incomplete rotation. This occurs with a rotation index. The rotations are taken over the seasons within the year. To obtain rotations over the years it is advisable to introduce annual input changes as explained

</p><p>When a fraction A1, B1 and/or U1 differs from the fraction A2, B2 and/or U2 in another season, because the irrigation regime changes in the different seasons, the program will detect that a certain rotation occurs. If one wishes to avoid this, one may specify the same fractions in all seasons (A2=A1, B2=B1, U2=U1) but the crops and irrigation quantities may be different and may need to be proportionally adjusted. One may even specify irrigated land (A or B) with zero irrigation, which is the same as un-irrigated land (U).

</p><p><a href="Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Cropping rotation</a> schedules vary widely in different parts of the world. Creative combinations of area fractions, rotation indexes, irrigation quantities and annual input changes can accommodate many types of agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Variation of the area fractions and/or the rotational schedule gives the opportunity to <a href="Simulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulate">simulate</a> the effect of different agricultural practices on the water and salt balance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_strata,_type_of_aquifer">Soil strata, type of aquifer</h3></div>

<p>SahysMod accepts four different reservoirs of which three are in the soil profile:

</p>

<dl><dd>s: a surface reservoir,</dd>

<dd>r: an upper (shallow) soil reservoir or root zone,</dd>

<dd>x: an intermediate soil reservoir or transition zone,</dd>

<dd>q: a deep reservoir or main <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>.</dd></dl>

<p>The upper soil reservoir is defined by the soil depth, from which water can evaporate or be taken up by plant roots. It can be taken equal to the root zone. It can be saturated, unsaturated, or partly saturated, depending on the water balance. All water movements in this zone are vertical, either upward or downward, depending on the water balance. (In a future version of Sahysmod, the upper soil reservoir may be divided into two equal parts to detect the trend in the vertical salinity distribution.)

</p><p>The transition zone can also be saturated, unsaturated or partly saturated. All flows in this zone are horizontal, except the flow to subsurface drains, which is radial.

If a horizontal subsurface drainage system is present, this must be placed in the transition zone, which is then divided into two parts: an upper transition zone (above drain level) and a lower transition zone (below drain level).

</p><p>If one wishes to distinguish an upper and lower part of the transition zone in the absence of a subsurface drainage system, one may specify in the input data a drainage system with zero intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The aquifer has mainly horizontal flow. Pumped <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>, if present, receive their water from the aquifer only. The flow in the aquifer is determined in dependence of spatially varying depths of the aquifer, levels of the water table, and <a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">hydraulic conductivity</a>.

</p><p>SahysMod permits the introduction of <i>phreatic</i> (<a href="Unconfined_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconfined aquifer">unconfined</a>) and <i>semi-confined</i> aquifers. The latter may develop a hydraulic over or under pressure below the slowly permeable top-layer (<a href="Aquitard" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitard">aquitard</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_water_balances">Agricultural water balances</h3></div>

<p>The agricultural <a href="Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balances</a> are calculated for each soil reservoir separately as shown in the article <a href="Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a>. The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir. The three soil reservoirs can be assigned different thickness and storage coefficients, to be given as input data. When, in a particular situation the transition zone or the aquifer is not present, they must be given a minimum thickness of 0.1 m.

</p><p>The depth of the <a href="Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> at the end of the previous time step, calculated from the <a href="Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balances</a>, is assumed to be the same within each <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a>. If this assumption is not acceptable, the area must be divided into a larger number of polygons.

</p><p>Under certain conditions, the height of the water table influences the water-balance components. For example, a rise of the water table towards the soil surface may lead to an increase of capillary rise, actual evaporation, and subsurface drainage, or a decrease of percolation losses. This, in turn, leads to a change of the water-balance, which again influences the height of the water table, etc. This chain of reactions is one of the reasons why Sahysmod has been developed into a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>, in which the computations are made day by day to account for the chain of reactions with a sufficient degree of <a href="Accuracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accuracy">accuracy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drains,_wells,_and_re-use">Drains, wells, and re-use</h3></div>

<p>The sub-surface <a href="Drainage_system_(agriculture)" title="Drainage system (agriculture)">drainage</a> can be accomplished through drains or pumped wells.

</p><p>The subsurface drains, if any, are characterized by drain depth and <i>drainage capacity</i>. The drains are located in the transition zone. The subsurface drainage facility can be applied to natural or artificial drainage systems. The functioning of an artificial drainage system can be regulated through a drainage control factor.

</p><p>By installing a drainage system with zero capacity one obtains the opportunity to have separate water and salt balances in the transition above and below drain level.

</p><p>The pumped <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>, if any, are located in the aquifer. Their functioning is characterized by the well <a href="Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a>.

</p><p>The drain and well water can be used for <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> through a <i>(re)use factor</i>. This may affect the water and salt balance and on the irrigation efficiency or sufficiency.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_balances">Salt balances</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">salt balances</a> are calculated for each soil reservoir separately. They are based on their <a href="Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">water balances</a>, using the salt concentrations of the incoming and outgoing water. Some concentrations must be given as input data, like the initial salt concentrations of the water in the different soil reservoirs, of the irrigation water and of the incoming groundwater in the aquifer. The concentrations are expressed in terms of <a href="Electric_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric conductivity">electric conductivity</a> (EC in dS/m). When the concentrations are known in terms of g salt/L water, the rule of thumb: 1 g/L -> 1.7 dS/m can be used. Usually, salt concentrations of the soil are expressed in ECe, the electric conductivity of an extract of a saturated soil paste. In Sahysmod, the salt concentration is expressed as the EC of the soil moisture when saturated under field conditions. As a rule, one can use the conversion rate EC : ECe = 2 : 1. The principles used are correspond to those described in the article <a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">soil salinity control</a>.

</p><p>Salt concentrations of outgoing water (either from one reservoir into the other or by subsurface drainage) are computed on the basis of salt balances, using different leaching or salt mixing efficiencies to be given with the input data. The effects of different <a href="Leaching_model_(soil)#Leaching_efficiency" title="Leaching model (soil)">leaching efficiencies</a> can be simulated varying their input value.

</p><p>If drain or well water is used for irrigation, the method computes the salt concentration of the mixed irrigation water in the course of the time and the subsequent effect on the soil and ground water salinity, which again influences the salt concentration of the drain and well water. By varying the fraction of used drain or well water (through the input), the long-term effect of different fractions can be simulated.

</p><p>The <a href="Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolution</a> of solid soil minerals or the <a href="Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">chemical precipitation</a> of poorly soluble salts is not included in the computation method. However, but to some extent, it can be accounted for through the input data, e.g. increasing or decreasing the salt concentration of the irrigation water or of the incoming water in the <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. In a future version, the precipitation of gypsum may be introduced.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmers'_responses">Farmers' responses</h3></div>

<p>If required, farmers' responses to <a href="Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">waterlogging</a> and <a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> can be automatically accounted for. The method can gradually decrease:

</p>

<ol><li>The amount of <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water applied when the water table becomes shallower depending on the kind of crop (paddy rice and non-rice)</li>

<li>The fraction of irrigated land when the available <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water is scarce;</li>

<li>The fraction of irrigated land when the <a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">soil salinity</a> increases; for this purpose, the salinity is given a <a href="Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> interpretation;</li>

<li>The <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> abstraction by pumping from <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a> when the water table drops.</li></ol>

<p>The farmers' responses influence the water and salt balances, which, in turn, slows down the process of water logging and salinization. Ultimately a new equilibrium situation will arise.

</p><p>The user can also introduce farmers' responses by manually changing the relevant input data. Perhaps it will be useful first to study the automatic farmers' responses and their effect first and thereafter decide what the farmers' responses will be in the view of the user.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_input_changes">Annual input changes</h3></div>

<p>The program runs either with fixed input data for the number of years determined by the user. This option can be used to predict future developments based on long-term average input values, e.g. rainfall, as it will be difficult to assess the future values of the input data year by year.

</p><p>The program also offers the possibility to follow historic records with annually changing input values (e.g. rainfall, irrigation, cropping rotations), the calculations must be made year by year. If this possibility is chosen, the program creates a transfer file by which the final conditions of the previous year (e.g. water table and salinity) are automatically used as the initial conditions for the subsequent period. This facility makes it also possible to use various generated rainfall sequences drawn randomly from a known rainfall probability distribution and to obtain a stochastic prediction of the resulting output parameters.

</p><p>Some input parameters should not be changed, like the nodal network relations, the system <a href="Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, the thickness of the soil layers, and the total <a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, otherwise illogical jumps occur in the water and salt balances. These parameters are also stored in the transfer file, so that any impermissible change is overruled by the transfer data. In some cases of incorrect changes, the program will stop and request the user to adjust the input.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Output_data">Output data</h2></div>

<p>The output is given for each season of any year during any number of years, as specified with the input data. The output data comprise hydrological and salinity aspects.<br>

As the soil salinity is very variable from place to place (figure left) SahysMod includes <a href="Cumulative_frequency_analysis" title="Cumulative frequency analysis">frequency distributions</a> in the output. The figure was made with the CumFreq program.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>

The output data are filed in the form of tables that can be inspected directly, through the user menu, that calls selected groups of data either for a certain <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a> over time, or for a certain season over the polygons. <br>

The model includes mapping facilities of output data. Also, the program has the facility to store the selected data in a <a href="Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> format for further analysis and for import into a <a href="GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> program. <br>

Different users may wish to establish different cause-effect relationships. The program offers only a limited number of standard <a href="Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>, as it is not possible to foresee all different uses that may be made. This is the reason why the possibility for further analysis through spreadsheet programs was created.<br>

Although the <a href="Computations" class="mw-redirect" title="Computations">computations</a> need many <a href="Iterations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterations">iterations</a>, all the results can be <i>checked by hand</i> using the equations presented in the manual.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFOosterbaan1995" class="citation book cs1">Oosterbaan, R.J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterlog.info/pdf/sahysmod.pdf"><i>SahysMod: Spatial Agro-Hydro-Salinity Model. Description of Principles, User Manual, and Case Studies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, Netherlands.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fathi Zereini & Heinz Hötzl (Eds.), 2008, <i>Climatic Changes and Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa</i>. In: Environmental Science and Engineering, Springer Verlag, Berlin, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-85046-5</bdi> :

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whahFzf6dfAC&pg=PA192">Online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sina Akram, Heydar Kashkouli, Ebrahim Pazira, 2008. <i>Sensitive variables controlling salinity and water table in a bio-drainage system using SahysMod</i>. Irrigation and Drainage Systems Volume 22, Numbers 3-4, December, 2008 pp. 271-285. Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10795-008-9056-4">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10795-008-9056-4</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hosein Liaghat, M Mashal, 2008. <i>Sustainability of Biodrainage Systems Considering Declining of Evapotranspiration Rate of Trees Due to Soil Salinization.</i> Published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asabe.org">ASABE</a>), St. Joseph, Michigan . Citation: 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13–16 June 2010 IDS-CSBE-100129. Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?aid=32127">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsegay F. Desta, 2009. <i>Spatial modelling and timely prediction of salinization processes using SahysMod in GIS environment</i>. Thesis International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands. On line : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2009/msc/aes/desta.pdf">http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2009/msc/aes/desta.pdf</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sina Akram and Hossein Liaghat. (2010) <i>Performance of biodrainage systems in arid and semiarid areas with salt accumulation in soils</i>. 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13–16 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.csbe-scgab.ca/docs/meetings/2010/CSBE100116.pdf">[2]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajay Singh, Sudhindra Nath Panda. (2012) <i>Integrated Salt and Water Balance Modeling for the Management of Waterlogging and Salinization. I: Validation of SAHYSMOD</i>. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 138:11, 955-963 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000510">Abstract</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azhar Inam et al., 2017. <i> Coupling of a distributed stakeholder-built system dynamics socio-economic model with SAHYSMOD for sustainable soil salinity management – Part 1: Model development</i>. In Journal of Hydrology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.039">[3]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, A. and Panda, S. (2012).<i>Integrated Salt and Water Balance Modeling for the Management of Waterlogging and Salinization. II: Application of SAHYSMOD</i> J. Irrig. Drain Eng., 138(11), 964–971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000510">Abstract</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azhar Inam et al., 2017. <i> Coupling of a distributed stakeholder-built system dynamics socio-economic model with SAHYSMOD for sustainable soil salinity management – Part 2: Model coupling and application</i>. In Journal of Hydrology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.040">[4]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Adamowski et al., 2017. <i>Parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis of the Spatial Agro Hydro Salinity Model (SAHYSMOD) in the semi-arid climate of Rechna Doab, Pakistan</i>. Journal of Environmental Modelling & Software 94 (2017) 186-211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.04.002">[5]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterlog.info/cumfreq.htm">"CumFreq, distribution fitting of probability, free calculator"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yajie Huang et al., 2021. Optimum allocation of salt discharge areas in land consolidation for irrigation districts by SahysMod. In: Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107060">[6]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaomin Chang et al., 2021. Simulation of Water and Salt Dynamics under Different Water-Saving Degrees Using the SAHYSMOD Model. In: MDPI Journal Water, 13(14), 1939 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141939">[7]</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_and_download_location">External links and download location</h2></div>

<ul><li>Free download location of SahysMod software from : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.waterlog.info/software.htm">[8]</a> or from : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.waterlog.info/sahysmod.htm">[9]</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Agricultural_water_management181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Agricultural water management</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Surface_irrigation" title="Surface irrigation">Surface irrigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">Drip irrigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_irrigation" title="Tidal irrigation">Tidal irrigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Irrigation_statistics" title="Irrigation statistics">Irrigation statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Irrigation_management" title="Irrigation management">Irrigation management</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Irrigation environmental impacts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage">Subsurface drainage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ditch" title="Ditch">Ditch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_drainage" title="Tile drainage">Tile drainage</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage_equation" title="Drainage equation">Drainage equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage_system_(agriculture)" title="Drainage system (agriculture)">Drainage system (agriculture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Watertable_control" title="Watertable control">Watertable control</a></li>

<li><a href="Drainage_research" title="Drainage research">Drainage research</a></li>

<li><a href="Well_drainage" title="Well drainage">Drainage by wells</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface water/runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contour_trenching" title="Contour trenching">Contour trenching</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li>

<li><a href="Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Groundwater_flow" title="Groundwater flow">Groundwater flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_energy_balance" title="Groundwater energy balance">Groundwater energy balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_table" title="Water table">Watertable</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problem soils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acid_sulfate_soil" title="Acid sulfate soil">Acid sulphate soils</a></li>

<li><a href="Alkali_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali soils">Alkali soils</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Saline soils</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agro-hydro-salinity group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaching_model_(soil)" title="Leaching model (soil)">Leaching model (soil)</a></li>

<li><a href="SaltMod" title="SaltMod">SaltMod integrated model</a></li>

<li>: Saltmod coupled to a groundwater model</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Models_used_in_agricultural_water_management135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Models_used_in_agricultural_water_management135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Models used in agricultural water management</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drainage models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drainage_equation" title="Drainage equation">Drainage equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li>

<li><a href="Well_drainage" title="Well drainage">Drainage by wells</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agro-hydro-salinity models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Leaching_model_(soil)" title="Leaching model (soil)">Leaching model (soil)</a></li>

<li><a href="SaltMod" title="SaltMod">SaltMod integrated model</a></li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_flow" title="Groundwater flow">Groundwater flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_energy_balance" title="Groundwater energy balance">Groundwater energy balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Watertable_control" title="Watertable control">Watertable control</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydrological_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological modelling">Hydrological modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li>

<li><a href="Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-10-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=SahysMod&oldid=1248782368">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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